Christmas 1916

Christmas 1916. Although the nation didn't know it, was slap bang right in the middle of the war. Had they known they were only half way through, I would imagine they would have soon given up. December 1916 was a hard one, both on the front and at home. The soldiers on the front had spent months fighting day and night during the battle of the Somme and had seen the friends injured or killed among them. 

The home front was full of shortages, especially from the likes of bread and meat. German naval operations over the previous months had meant that everything seemed to be in short supply and what there was saw a huge price increase almost overnight. To add to this, Europe seemed to be having the worst weather in over thirty years and so you can imagine how low morale was getting. 

Telegrams were still arriving each day, they certainly couldn't stop for Christmas. However, what was different was how much more of a greater understanding the home front had. This was due to The Somme film being released in cinemas around the country. It was the first time anything like this had been shown and for women was the first real insight into what war was really like. They now knew that when those telegrams arrived, the chances were that suffering had probably been endured before death. 

The home front did try to connect with the front line soldiers, with many people putting together food hampers or knitting scarves and socks to send to the soldiers. Of course, families still sent letters and parcels to their loved ones if they could, but now there was a greater sense of doing there bit.

Christmas was so different then compared to now. Homes didn't have electric and so there were none of the pretty lights we all love to see around. Neither were presents wrapped because that was a waste and could be better used to help the war effort. People didn't expect to get a present either but were grateful if they received one. Remembering this certainly does make you appreciate the things you have got in life and shows the true meaning of Christmas - to be with those you love and cherish memories that are made. 

I hope you have all had a lovely Christmas this year. I wanted to end by sharing this poem I read recently by an Australian soldier named Leslie George Rub. In a round about way, he tells you exactly what life was like during Christmas 1916, so I hope you enjoy it!

Christmas Day On The Somme

‘Twas Christmas Day on the Somme

The men stood on parade, 

The snow laid six feet on the ground

Twas twenty in the shade.

Up spoke the Captain ‘gallant man’,

“Just hear what I’ve to say, 

You may not have remembered that

Today is Christmas Day.”

“The General has expressed a wish

This day may be observed, 

Today you will only work eight hours,

A rest that’s well deserved.”

“I hope you’ll keep yourselves quite clean

And smart and spruce and nice,

The stream is frozen hard

But a pick will break the ice.”

“All men will get two biscuits each,

I’m sure you’re tired of bread,

I’m sorry there’s no turkey

But there’s Bully Beef instead.”

“The puddings plum have not arrived

But they are on their way,

I’ll guarantee they’ll be in time

To eat next Christmas Day.”

“You’re parcels would have been in time

But I regret to say

The vessel which conveyed them was

Torpedoed on the way.”

“The Quartermaster’s got your rum

But you may get some yet,

Each man will be presented with

A Woodbine cigarette.”

“The Huns have caught us in the rear

And painted France all red,

Pray do not let that trouble you, 

Tomorrow you’ll be dead.”

“Now ere you go I will you all

This season of good cheer,

A very happy Christmas and

A prosperous New Year.”

Father's Of The First World War

First of all happy Father's Day to all you dads out there, of course I hope you all have a wonderful day with your families. I want to ask you a question - how would you feel if you were hundreds of miles from home, in the middle of a trench, fighting for freedom? I would like to dedicate today's post to those fathers of the First World War. 

For those in the trenches, thinking about home and wondering what they were doing. Those that never returned home. Those who returned home affected by war mentally or physically, more often than not both. And finally, to those fathers that had to stay behind at home, too old or ill to fight, watching their sons going off to fight the war. 

In the grand scale of things, we don't have it too bad today. Okay so there are horrible events taking place in the world at the moment, but we can still spend time together as a family. Technology advances have meant that even if we can't, we can use skype or mobile phones to talk to our family. 

For the fathers of the First World War, they were alone, whether it be at the front or at home. After the euphoria of the Lord Kitchener's volunteer drive had died down, what were those fathers thinking. They had waved their sons off to war, the war that would be over by Christmas, only to find that as the war dragged on, the risk of their son being injured or killed seemed greater. As families nearby received the dreaded news, it hit home hard. A man at this time, was not expected to cry or show his emotions. For many of these men, the only emotion they knew how to show was anger. 

Letters supposedly kept the family together, yet as the war dragged on, they became less frequent. Sometimes, you could go months without any, your mind fearing the worst, only to received three or four letters at a time. In reality, what could a soldier write home about? They could ask how everyone was, what his family had been doing back home, answer questions asked such as are they being fed enough. But could they really write down what THEY had been doing? Could they write and say that they killed a man that day? Would it be deemed unpatriotic if they wrote home and said they were scared and wanted to go home? 

A divide had begun between life on the frontline and life at home. It was a divide that would only worsen, not only as the war dragged on, but as the soldiers returned home.

For the sons that returned home. Many felt they couldn't talk to their father's about what they had witnessed, of what they had done. The First World War was a new war - a war when you didn't have to have years of experience in the army to be a soldier. A war that was not longer fought with just the cavalry and cannons. This war had snipers, guns, tanks and planes, the men suffering strapnel wounds, gas attacks and shell shock. How would their father's understand what they had gone through? Instead it was just not talked about, life went on as best as it could.

For the fathers that returned home. Life had gone on without him, the children had grown up fast and their wife had gone out to work to help the war effort and to be able to afford to pay the rent, food and clothing. Father's that had left a tiny baby behind, found themselves looking at a child they didn't know or understand. A child that was scared of this stranger they were now suppose to call dad. His older children wanted to know all about the war, wanted to play toy soldiers with him when all he wanted to do was forget the war had ever happened.

These men, who had returned mentally or physically harmed, many of who were suffering from shell shock couldn't settle back down to home life. Gone were the regimental routines, the following orders, the need to survive. Instead, they were left to fend for themselves, expected to go back out to work, feeling an outcast because his violent outburst had scared the children so much they wouldn't go near him. His crawling under the table or bed every time someone slammed a door shut had his wife looking at him with a sense of pity. He could never tell her what he witnessed in the villages at the hands of the enemy.

So no, I don't think we have it too bad. The thing that upsets me most of all is that they were alone. The wasn't the support and help available to help a soldier find their way again in civilian life. Whilst some were able to get help, it was usually only available to those that were officers or who had the money to pay for it, yet all many of them needed was to talk. To talk and to cry and to be with people who understood, who had been there, who wouldn't judge them. So this father's day, my message to is, ask your father or your grandfather about their life experiences, whether they were in the services or not, they have experiences that I am sure they would be happy to share, things that you could learn from. Take your time, listen to them, that is worth more than any card or present. Enjoy the time you have with them because before you know it, it will be all gone. Remember, family is the most important thing, without them, you wouldn't be where you are today. 

The Chaplains Of The First World War

When war broke out in 1914, it wasn't just the everyday man that volunteered to fight. In fact about 5,000 men left the safety and comfort of their parishes in the local towns and villages in order to help the war effort. When the Chaplains arrived in France they were told the role would be to conduct short services in the French towns for allied servicemen. They were also expected to ensure each man had a decent burial to keep up morale. However, nothing would prepare them for the vast amount of burials they would be doing. 

Initially they weren't allowed anywhere near the front line, however a number of Chaplains felt it was their duty to be at the front with the men to help and support them. At the same time General Haig was also devising a plan that would see the Chaplains be stationed on the front line. 

The Chaplains on the front line were there for more than just religious services and burials. They helped keep calm the injured and the dying, with many of them spending the last few moments with a dying solider so that they weren't on their own. They were also usually one of the last people to spend time with a soldier about to be shot for desertion. These Chaplains understood that these soldiers were being hugely affected by the war and many later recalled how you could see the madness in a soldier.

Although in general, Chaplain's disagreed with the war, they understood that the bloodshed was going to continue until their was a winner and so many of them got stuck in, helping the soldiers to dig the trenches and tunnels. They also helped to get morale up by leading singing and sharing jokes to pass the time. 

Troops held the Chaplains in high regard, after all they had the option to return to safety and leave the front line behind but they chose not to. It was an dangerous work for the Chaplains as it was for the soldiers on the front. They were still seen as targets by the enemy and could still be shot or shelled as well as catch one of the many diseases that was spreading around the trenches. 

Chaplains saw the brutality of war from all sides. For them, any loss of life was a sin in their eyes no matter whether friend or foe. This was the case with Woodbine Willy. Born Geoffrey Anketell Studdert Kennedy, he was given his name by the soldiers because he was always known for handing out cigarettes. He was hugely respected amongst the soldiers and even set up a trench vicarage to be near the men. However he was also controversial because he would help a soldier no matter what their nationality and some regarded this as helping the enemy. This was not the case, he simply thought it was his duty to help mankind, for which he later received the Military Cross for recovering wounded men from No Mans Land, both allied and enemy. 

By the end of the war, 168 Chaplains had lost their lives. For those that survived, they had seen suffering in a completely new way and many set about trying to help returning soldiers get back on track with their lives. So whilst I am not a hugely religious person, I do have an unlimited amount of respect for those brave man, of all ages I might add, that faced danger in order to make our soldiers feel loved and safe. 

Rich Families Of The First World War

When people think of the First World War, a lot of people think it was a 'we're all in this together' time, but was that really the case? I intend to find out by looking to see if there was a divide between the rich and the poor. In the first of two parts, I'm going to look at what life was like for those that were wealthy during wartime.

Whenever you read about the beginning of the First World War, there are stories of young men from all backgrounds volunteering for the army as soon as war broke out. However, for some of those that could afford to, they paid somebody, who usually was poor and needed the money, to pose as them to carry out their medical tests for the army. The men that were chosen to do this had medical problems that would mean they would fail the test and be exempt from active duty on the front line. This could range from bad sight or hearing to being flat-footed or found to have heart or breathing problems. Once a wealthy man had his exemption certificate, he could relax and stay at home. He may still have been expected to carry out war work but it would be far less dangerous that fighting in the trenches.

For those that wanted to fight the war, having money or status meant that a lot of them went straight into the army with the rank of Officer with very little training. This caused unrest for the private ranks because they felt many of the officer's didn't have a clue what they were doing or would just treat the privates like slaves. However, having said this, looking back at the war, those wealthy officers did have just as difficult and dangerous a time as the privates. After all they were the ones who had to lead their men, being the first to go over the top and usually being the main target. After all, without an officer to lead them, the enemy knew chaos would ensue and thus allow them to gain more land. They also had the job of keeping their men in line in accordance with the army even if they themselves also didn't want to. 

Pre-war, the wealthy were used to having vast houses with many boosting around twenty rooms and land as far as the eye could see. The families of houses like these could be found to have a large quantity of servants to carry out all manner of jobs from cook and gardener to lady's maid, footman and butler. However, at the outbreak of war this was to change and it would be change that would eventually see domestic service disappear almost entirely. With many of the servants being men, they ever volunteered or were later called up. This meant that the household was run by men that were either too young or too old or unfit to service the army and women. Yet with more and more factories springing up across Britain to turn out war goods, many women stood left the hard, long hours of working as a servant and instead chose to work in the dangerous conditions of munition factories which offered a much higher wage. 

Houses which were deemed large enough were converted to be used as a hospital or convalescence house for those soldiers returning from the front. Houses would be used like this for the duration of the war and families would be expected to either help or find somewhere else to live until the war was over. 

One thing that many families had in common rich and poor alike was the having to get used to their menfolk being away whilst fighting the war as well as the devastation of one of them being killed. Mother's, wives and children up and down the country were all waiting at home for news of their loved one whether rich or poor. One of the only thing that money couldn't buy was the knowledge of safety of a loved one, instead the people on the home front had to wait weeks, sometimes months for any news. 

By the end of the war, the rich had seemed to get richer and the rich poor divide became greater. Factory owners had grown their wealth through contracted given by the government to product war goods. However, for all of their wealth, servants were harder to come by. Many of the men had either been killed or were injured and unable to work. For the women, they had been able to have a life that was without restriction and many had some money behind them now. They no longer wanted to work long, tiring hours for little money. This meant that the war had changed the lives of the rich forever. 

Join me next time when I look at what life was like for the poor during the First World War. 

Food & Drink Of The First World War

For the British people, food and drink, especially tea has always played an important part in our lives. So when the First World War broke out, how was everyone going to be able to cope, especially if the German's succeeded in cutting off our tiny island.

Before war broke out, the rich dinned at fancy restaurants and went to social events such as dinners whereas the poor tended to make so with what they could after, sometimes being only bread and dripping. Rationing wasn't to come into force until much later in the war so traditional favourites could still be enjoyed. These favourites included porridge, pies, stews, kippers and a takeaway of fish and chips if it could be afforded. 

At the outbreak of war such a vast number of men volunteered to fight, that the government had to work out how they were going to feed them all. It wasn't going to be as easy as popping to the local shops. The food had to travel across the channel, through the dangers that lurked beneath the sea, before then travelling to the trenches that needed it. The government therefore decided that there would be a restriction on how much food a soldier could have daily, thus ensuring that no matter how far down the trenches you were, you all got the same amount. The guidelines were: A pinch of both pepper and mustard, 8 ounces of fresh vegetables or a tenth of lime juice, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried fruit, 4 ounces of butter or margerine, 3 ounces of cheese, 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of oatmeal. In terms of meat, soldiers could have 4 ounces of bacon, 1 1/4 pounds of meat or 1 pound of salt meat. Also allowed was up to half a gill of rum or 1 pint of porter per soldier. Due to the amount of time and effort it took to get the food to the soldiers, the government also stated that nothing was to be wasted. By the time bread got to the front line it was usually stale but this was not to be thrown away. Instead cooks were expected to put it in cold water and rebake for an hour to give it new life. Alternatively, slices of bread could also be put in milk and baked which turned them into rusks. Any food that was left over could be sold to local farmers to be used as swill, whilst left over dripping could be used in the manufacturing of explosives. To add flavour to their dishes, cooks was taught to look for nettles, sweet docks, wild mushrooms and marigold flowers, all of which could be used to season food. One of the most used recipes was that of the Maconochies Meat Stew, which was made up of fatty meat, sliced turnips, carrots and thin gravy. Although easy to make on a large scale, soldiers grumbled about it and said that when warm it was barely edible yet when cold it could kill. Hard biscuits, made from salt, flour and water was also widely available, however, soldiers soon realised that you needed to dunk them in a drink or loose your teeth!

Originally, the war was meant to be over by Christmas, yet as it dragged on food became scarce and things were harder to find in shops. The government distributed leaflets to homes across Britain with tips on how to use every piece of food, making sure nothing was left over. These leaflets also included how to use vegetables as a substitute for other ingredients such as potatoes to make pastry and cakes. Propaganda played a huge part on the homefront to ensure women was doing their bit for the war effort. Posters included one that stated: Women of Britain - our soldiers are beating the Germans on land, our sailors are beating them on the sea, You can beat them in the larder and the kitchen. For women, it gave them a role in the war, to ensure they used as little food as possible so that the soldiers and sailors could have the food they needed in order to fight the enemy. A book was released to help women achieve this in the form of the Win The War Cookbook, where women could find recipes with many substitute ingredients that they otherwise wouldn't have known about.  

By 1916 flour was almost non-exsistant in the trenches, so bread started being made from other ingredients such as dried potato, oats, barley and sometimes even pulverised straw. Some small French towns had opened up cafe's, often in the front room of their house, to accommodate the soldiers when they were on leave. Here a soldier would find foods they wouldn't normally eat in the daily trench life such as egg and chips. These business ventures proved popular, with many soldiers looking forward to visiting them on their next leave. With food supplies becoming more difficult to get through, soldiers were no longer getting the set amount that they had previously had in 1914 and by 1917, Bully Beef was restricted to 6 ounces a day. Although army ration packs were not introduced until after the war, each soldier did carry with them an emergency Iron Rations Kit in a tin. This was made up of various long life foods but could only be opened when told to do so by officers. Meat was also in short supply and was often substituted with horsemeat, whilst dishes such as potato pie and milk biscuit pudding became popular. 
Drink, especially water was also becoming more and more difficult to transfer to the front line, with some soldiers resorting to drinking from puddles. This as well as the poor diet, led to deficiencies in important vitamins and stomach upsets became increasingly common. The government came to the conclusion that more had to be done - An army did after all, march on its stomach. 

The answer was rationing which came into force in 1918. Everyone was issued with a ration card, even including the King and Queen and had to take it with them whenever they wanted to purchase anything on ration. Foods that were rationed included sugar, meat, flour, margarine, butter and milk. This, like on the front line, ensured that everybody was entitled to the same amount of food, rich and poor alike. 

The process of ensuring everybody had enough to eat took its time but got there towards the end. It meant that when the Second World War came along later, the government could look at the First World War techniques and make it quicker and more efficient. Rationing also brought with it new food technology that we still use today - having something dried from a packet and just adding water. By 1918 this was commonplace in custard and dried soup powder and again would have its day during the Second World War. 

The Boy Scouts And Girl Guides Of The Great War

At the outbreak of the First World War, with many men volunteering to fight, certain roles were taken up by the Boy Scouts. The Boy Scouts saw a rise in the number of boys that had joined at the outbreak of war - everybody wanted to do their bit to help the war effort. They were too young to join the army or the navy and so this was the next best thing. 

These Boy Scouts were tasked with carrying out important war work such as watching the skies for Zeppelin raids, sounding their bugle to warn of imminent attacks and again once the threat had cleared. They also carried different, most often important messages around the immediate area. They could be set to getting help for a casualty, or carrying messages amongst home front organisations. Boy Scouts carried out various other jobs depending on what was needed - after all, most able-bodied men were away fighting, with older men left behind, most of whom wouldn't be able to run for several minutes to get a message to someone. The Boy Scouts became highly respected for the work they were doing. 

For the girls there was the Girl Guiding. They were expected to undertake different, more female roles. These included parcelling up clothing to send to the frontline, delivering milk, learning and carrying out basic first aid as well as also deliveries messages, similar to the Boy Scouts. There is also rumours, of which the truth will probably never be made public, that the Girl Guides were also involved in delivering messages on behalf of MI5. It is believed that the Girl Guides were the second choice, with the Boy Scouts being the first choice. However, MI5 are said to have believed the boys to be to wild, sometimes naughty and more often than not highly talkative, something that MI5 didn't want. 

Both the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides gave children a purpose in the war, which I think boosted morale to thousands of children across the country and gave them a sense of purpose. With many of them missing fathers and other male family members who were on the front line, being part of the organisations meant that time was taken up carrying out their 'duties', taking their mind off other events. However, I do also think that the duties they were carrying out made them feel older and I think they left their childhood behind them sooner than they would have in peacetime.